Vulkan: Feedback loop detection and barriers (#7226)

* Vulkan: Feedback loop improvements

This PR allows the Vulkan backend to detect attachment feedback loops. These are currently used in the following ways:

- Partial use of VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_layout
  - All renderable textures have AttachmentFeedbackLoopBitExt
  - Compile pipelines with Color/DepthStencil feedback loop flags when present
- Support using FragmentBarrier for feedback loops (fixes regressions from https://github.com/Ryujinx/Ryujinx/pull/7012 )

TODO:
- AMD GPUs may need layout transitions for it to properly allow textures to be used in feedback loops.
- Use dynamic state for feedback loops. The background pipeline will always miss since feedback loop state isn't known on the GPU project.
- How is the barrier dependency flag used? (DXVK just ignores it, there's no vulkan validation...)
- Improve subpass dependencies to fix validation errors

* Mark field readonly

* Add feedback loop dynamic state

* fix: add MoltenVK resolver workaround

fix: add MoltenVK resolver workaround

* Formatting

* Fix more complaints

* RADV dcc workaround

* Use dynamic state properly, cleanup.

* Use aspects flags in more places

src/Ryujinx.Common/GraphicsDriver/DriverUtilities.cs

@@ -1,13 +1,33 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.GraphicsDriver
 {
     public static class DriverUtilities
     {
+        private static void AddMesaFlags(string envVar, string newFlags)
+        {
+            string existingFlags = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(envVar);
+
+            string flags = existingFlags == null ? newFlags : $"{existingFlags},{newFlags}";
+
+            OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching(envVar, flags);
+        }
+
+        public static void InitDriverConfig(bool oglThreading)
+        {
+            if (OperatingSystem.IsLinux())
+            {
+                AddMesaFlags("RADV_DEBUG", "nodcc");
+            }
+
+            ToggleOGLThreading(oglThreading);
+        }
+
         public static void ToggleOGLThreading(bool enabled)
         {
-            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("mesa_glthread", enabled.ToString().ToLower());
+            OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("mesa_glthread", enabled.ToString().ToLower());
-            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("__GL_THREADED_OPTIMIZATIONS", enabled ? "1" : "0");
+            OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("__GL_THREADED_OPTIMIZATIONS", enabled ? "1" : "0");
 
             try
             {

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/OsUtils.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
+{
+    public partial class OsUtils
+    {
+        [LibraryImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
+        private static partial int setenv([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string name, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string value, int overwrite);
+
+        public static void SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching(string key, string value)
+        {
+            // Set the value in the cached environment variables, too.
+            Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(key, value);
+
+            if (!OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+            {
+                int res = setenv(key, value, 1);
+                Debug.Assert(res != -1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/BarrierBatch.cs

@@ -32,10 +32,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             CommandBuffer
         }
 
+        private bool _feedbackLoopActive;
         private PipelineStageFlags _incoherentBufferWriteStages;
         private PipelineStageFlags _incoherentTextureWriteStages;
         private PipelineStageFlags _extraStages;
         private IncoherentBarrierType _queuedIncoherentBarrier;
+        private bool _queuedFeedbackLoopBarrier;
 
         public BarrierBatch(VulkanRenderer gd)
         {
@@ -53,17 +55,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 stages |= PipelineStageFlags.TransformFeedbackBitExt;
             }
 
-            if (!gd.IsTBDR)
-            {
-                // Desktop GPUs can transform image barriers into memory barriers.
-
-                access |= AccessFlags.DepthStencilAttachmentWriteBit | AccessFlags.ColorAttachmentWriteBit;
-                access |= AccessFlags.DepthStencilAttachmentReadBit | AccessFlags.ColorAttachmentReadBit;
-
-                stages |= PipelineStageFlags.EarlyFragmentTestsBit | PipelineStageFlags.LateFragmentTestsBit;
-                stages |= PipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutputBit;
-            }
-
             return (access, stages);
         }
 
@@ -178,16 +169,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
 
                     _queuedIncoherentBarrier = IncoherentBarrierType.None;
+                    _queuedFeedbackLoopBarrier = false;
                 }
+                else if (_feedbackLoopActive && _queuedFeedbackLoopBarrier)
+                {
+                    // Feedback loop barrier.
+
+                    MemoryBarrier barrier = new MemoryBarrier()
+                    {
+                        SType = StructureType.MemoryBarrier,
+                        SrcAccessMask = AccessFlags.ShaderWriteBit,
+                        DstAccessMask = AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit
+                    };
+
+                    QueueBarrier(barrier, PipelineStageFlags.FragmentShaderBit, PipelineStageFlags.AllGraphicsBit);
+
+                    _queuedFeedbackLoopBarrier = false;
+                }
+
+                _feedbackLoopActive = false;
             }
         }
 
         public unsafe void Flush(CommandBufferScoped cbs, bool inRenderPass, RenderPassHolder rpHolder, Action endRenderPass)
         {
-            Flush(cbs, null, inRenderPass, rpHolder, endRenderPass);
+            Flush(cbs, null, false, inRenderPass, rpHolder, endRenderPass);
         }
 
-        public unsafe void Flush(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, bool inRenderPass, RenderPassHolder rpHolder, Action endRenderPass)
+        public unsafe void Flush(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, bool feedbackLoopActive, bool inRenderPass, RenderPassHolder rpHolder, Action endRenderPass)
         {
             if (program != null)
             {
@@ -195,6 +204,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 _incoherentTextureWriteStages |= program.IncoherentTextureWriteStages;
             }
 
+            _feedbackLoopActive |= feedbackLoopActive;
+
             FlushMemoryBarrier(program, inRenderPass);
 
             if (!inRenderPass && rpHolder != null)
@@ -406,6 +417,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             {
                 _queuedIncoherentBarrier = type;
             }
+
+            _queuedFeedbackLoopBarrier = true;
         }
 
         public void QueueTextureBarrier()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetUpdater.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 using System.Buffers;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using CompareOp = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.CompareOp;
@@ -42,15 +43,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private record struct TextureRef
         {
             public ShaderStage Stage;
-            public TextureStorage Storage;
+            public TextureView View;
-            public Auto<DisposableImageView> View;
+            public Auto<DisposableImageView> ImageView;
             public Auto<DisposableSampler> Sampler;
 
-            public TextureRef(ShaderStage stage, TextureStorage storage, Auto<DisposableImageView> view, Auto<DisposableSampler> sampler)
+            public TextureRef(ShaderStage stage, TextureView view, Auto<DisposableImageView> imageView, Auto<DisposableSampler> sampler)
             {
                 Stage = stage;
-                Storage = storage;
                 View = view;
+                ImageView = imageView;
                 Sampler = sampler;
             }
         }
@@ -58,14 +59,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private record struct ImageRef
         {
             public ShaderStage Stage;
-            public TextureStorage Storage;
+            public TextureView View;
-            public Auto<DisposableImageView> View;
+            public Auto<DisposableImageView> ImageView;
 
-            public ImageRef(ShaderStage stage, TextureStorage storage, Auto<DisposableImageView> view)
+            public ImageRef(ShaderStage stage, TextureView view, Auto<DisposableImageView> imageView)
             {
                 Stage = stage;
-                Storage = storage;
                 View = view;
+                ImageView = imageView;
             }
         }
 
@@ -124,6 +125,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private readonly TextureView _dummyTexture;
         private readonly SamplerHolder _dummySampler;
 
+        public List<TextureView> FeedbackLoopHazards { get; private set; }
+
         public DescriptorSetUpdater(VulkanRenderer gd, Device device)
         {
             _gd = gd;
@@ -209,10 +212,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _templateUpdater = new();
         }
 
-        public void Initialize()
+        public void Initialize(bool isMainPipeline)
         {
             MemoryOwner<byte> dummyTextureData = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(4);
             _dummyTexture.SetData(dummyTextureData);
+
+            if (isMainPipeline)
+            {
+                FeedbackLoopHazards = new();
+            }
         }
 
         private static bool BindingOverlaps(ref DescriptorBufferInfo info, int bindingOffset, int offset, int size)
@@ -275,6 +283,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void InsertBindingBarriers(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
         {
+            if ((FeedbackLoopHazards?.Count ?? 0) > 0)
+            {
+                // Clear existing hazards - they will be rebuilt.
+
+                foreach (TextureView hazard in FeedbackLoopHazards)
+                {
+                    hazard.DecrementHazardUses();
+                }
+
+                FeedbackLoopHazards.Clear();
+            }
+
             foreach (ResourceBindingSegment segment in _program.BindingSegments[PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex])
             {
                 if (segment.Type == ResourceType.TextureAndSampler)
@@ -284,7 +304,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         for (int i = 0; i < segment.Count; i++)
                         {
                             ref var texture = ref _textureRefs[segment.Binding + i];
-                            texture.Storage?.QueueWriteToReadBarrier(cbs, AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit, texture.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                            texture.View?.PrepareForUsage(cbs, texture.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags(), FeedbackLoopHazards);
                         }
                     }
                     else
@@ -305,7 +325,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         for (int i = 0; i < segment.Count; i++)
                         {
                             ref var image = ref _imageRefs[segment.Binding + i];
-                            image.Storage?.QueueWriteToReadBarrier(cbs, AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit, image.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                            image.View?.PrepareForUsage(cbs, image.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags(), FeedbackLoopHazards);
                         }
                     }
                     else
@@ -385,9 +405,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
             else if (image is TextureView view)
             {
-                view.Storage.QueueWriteToReadBarrier(cbs, AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                ref ImageRef iRef = ref _imageRefs[binding];
 
-                _imageRefs[binding] = new(stage, view.Storage, view.GetView(imageFormat).GetIdentityImageView());
+                iRef.View?.ClearUsage(FeedbackLoopHazards);
+                view?.PrepareForUsage(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags(), FeedbackLoopHazards);
+
+                iRef = new(stage, view, view.GetView(imageFormat).GetIdentityImageView());
             }
             else
             {
@@ -486,9 +509,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
             else if (texture is TextureView view)
             {
-                view.Storage.QueueWriteToReadBarrier(cbs, AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                ref TextureRef iRef = ref _textureRefs[binding];
 
-                _textureRefs[binding] = new(stage, view.Storage, view.GetImageView(), ((SamplerHolder)sampler)?.GetSampler());
+                iRef.View?.ClearUsage(FeedbackLoopHazards);
+                view?.PrepareForUsage(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags(), FeedbackLoopHazards);
+
+                iRef = new(stage, view, view.GetImageView(), ((SamplerHolder)sampler)?.GetSampler());
             }
             else
             {
@@ -510,7 +536,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             {
                 view.Storage.QueueWriteToReadBarrier(cbs, AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
 
-                _textureRefs[binding] = new(stage, view.Storage, view.GetIdentityImageView(), ((SamplerHolder)sampler)?.GetSampler());
+                _textureRefs[binding] = new(stage, view, view.GetIdentityImageView(), ((SamplerHolder)sampler)?.GetSampler());
 
                 SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Texture);
             }
@@ -836,7 +862,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                                 ref var texture = ref textures[i];
                                 ref var refs = ref _textureRefs[binding + i];
 
-                                texture.ImageView = refs.View?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
+                                texture.ImageView = refs.ImageView?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
                                 texture.Sampler = refs.Sampler?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
 
                                 if (texture.ImageView.Handle == 0)
@@ -886,7 +912,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                             for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
                             {
-                                images[i].ImageView = _imageRefs[binding + i].View?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
+                                images[i].ImageView = _imageRefs[binding + i].ImageView?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
                             }
 
                             tu.Push<DescriptorImageInfo>(images[..count]);
@@ -957,7 +983,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                             ref var texture = ref textures[i];
                             ref var refs = ref _textureRefs[binding + i];
 
-                            texture.ImageView = refs.View?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
+                            texture.ImageView = refs.ImageView?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
                             texture.Sampler = refs.Sampler?.Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
 
                             if (texture.ImageView.Handle == 0)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/FeedbackLoopAspects.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
+{
+    [Flags]
+    internal enum FeedbackLoopAspects
+    {
+        None = 0,
+        Color = 1 << 0,
+        Depth = 1 << 1,
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/FramebufferParams.cs

@@ -302,6 +302,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _depthStencil?.Storage?.AddStoreOpUsage(true);
         }
 
+        public void ClearBindings()
+        {
+            _depthStencil?.Storage.ClearBindings();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < _colorsCanonical.Length; i++)
+            {
+                _colorsCanonical[i]?.Storage.ClearBindings();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddBindings()
+        {
+            _depthStencil?.Storage.AddBinding(_depthStencil);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < _colorsCanonical.Length; i++)
+            {
+                TextureView color = _colorsCanonical[i];
+                color?.Storage.AddBinding(color);
+            }
+        }
+
         public (RenderPassHolder rpHolder, Auto<DisposableFramebuffer> framebuffer) GetPassAndFramebuffer(
             VulkanRenderer gd,
             Device device,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/HardwareCapabilities.cs

@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         public readonly bool SupportsViewportArray2;
         public readonly bool SupportsHostImportedMemory;
         public readonly bool SupportsDepthClipControl;
+        public readonly bool SupportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
+        public readonly bool SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
         public readonly uint SubgroupSize;
         public readonly SampleCountFlags SupportedSampleCounts;
         public readonly PortabilitySubsetFlags PortabilitySubset;
@@ -84,6 +86,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             bool supportsViewportArray2,
             bool supportsHostImportedMemory,
             bool supportsDepthClipControl,
+            bool supportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop,
+            bool supportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop,
             uint subgroupSize,
             SampleCountFlags supportedSampleCounts,
             PortabilitySubsetFlags portabilitySubset,
@@ -121,6 +125,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             SupportsViewportArray2 = supportsViewportArray2;
             SupportsHostImportedMemory = supportsHostImportedMemory;
             SupportsDepthClipControl = supportsDepthClipControl;
+            SupportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop = supportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
+            SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop = supportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
             SubgroupSize = subgroupSize;
             SupportedSampleCounts = supportedSampleCounts;
             PortabilitySubset = portabilitySubset;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineBase.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Numerics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         public readonly Action EndRenderPassDelegate;
 
         protected PipelineDynamicState DynamicState;
+        protected bool IsMainPipeline;
         private PipelineState _newState;
         private bool _graphicsStateDirty;
         private bool _computeStateDirty;
@@ -85,6 +87,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private bool _tfEnabled;
         private bool _tfActive;
 
+        private FeedbackLoopAspects _feedbackLoop;
+        private bool _passWritesDepthStencil;
+
         private readonly PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState[] _storedBlend;
         public ulong DrawCount { get; private set; }
         public bool RenderPassActive { get; private set; }
@@ -126,7 +131,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void Initialize()
         {
-            _descriptorSetUpdater.Initialize();
+            _descriptorSetUpdater.Initialize(IsMainPipeline);
 
             QuadsToTrisPattern = new IndexBufferPattern(Gd, 4, 6, 0, new[] { 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3 }, 4, false);
             TriFanToTrisPattern = new IndexBufferPattern(Gd, 3, 3, 2, new[] { int.MinValue, -1, 0 }, 1, true);
@@ -814,6 +819,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _newState.DepthTestEnable = depthTest.TestEnable;
             _newState.DepthWriteEnable = depthTest.WriteEnable;
             _newState.DepthCompareOp = depthTest.Func.Convert();
+
+            UpdatePassDepthStencil();
             SignalStateChange();
         }
 
@@ -1079,6 +1086,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _newState.StencilFrontPassOp = stencilTest.FrontDpPass.Convert();
             _newState.StencilFrontDepthFailOp = stencilTest.FrontDpFail.Convert();
             _newState.StencilFrontCompareOp = stencilTest.FrontFunc.Convert();
+
+            UpdatePassDepthStencil();
             SignalStateChange();
         }
 
@@ -1426,7 +1435,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
             }
 
+            if (IsMainPipeline)
+            {
+                FramebufferParams?.ClearBindings();
+            }
+
             FramebufferParams = new FramebufferParams(Device, colors, depthStencil);
+
+            if (IsMainPipeline)
+            {
+                FramebufferParams.AddBindings();
+
+                _newState.FeedbackLoopAspects = FeedbackLoopAspects.None;
+                _bindingBarriersDirty = true;
+            }
+
+            _passWritesDepthStencil = false;
+            UpdatePassDepthStencil();
             UpdatePipelineAttachmentFormats();
         }
 
@@ -1493,11 +1518,82 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
             }
 
-            Gd.Barriers.Flush(Cbs, _program, RenderPassActive, _rpHolder, EndRenderPassDelegate);
+            Gd.Barriers.Flush(Cbs, _program, _feedbackLoop != 0, RenderPassActive, _rpHolder, EndRenderPassDelegate);
 
             _descriptorSetUpdater.UpdateAndBindDescriptorSets(Cbs, PipelineBindPoint.Compute);
         }
 
+        private bool ChangeFeedbackLoop(FeedbackLoopAspects aspects)
+        {
+            if (_feedbackLoop != aspects)
+            {
+                if (Gd.Capabilities.SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
+                {
+                    DynamicState.SetFeedbackLoop(aspects);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _newState.FeedbackLoopAspects = aspects;
+                }
+
+                _feedbackLoop = aspects;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        private bool UpdateFeedbackLoop()
+        {
+            List<TextureView> hazards = _descriptorSetUpdater.FeedbackLoopHazards;
+
+            if ((hazards?.Count ?? 0) > 0)
+            {
+                FeedbackLoopAspects aspects = 0;
+
+                foreach (TextureView view in hazards)
+                {
+                    // May need to enforce feedback loop layout here in the future.
+                    // Though technically, it should always work with the general layout.
+
+                    if (view.Info.Format.IsDepthOrStencil())
+                    {
+                        if (_passWritesDepthStencil)
+                        {
+                            // If depth/stencil isn't written in the pass, it doesn't count as a feedback loop.
+
+                            aspects |= FeedbackLoopAspects.Depth;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        aspects |= FeedbackLoopAspects.Color;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return ChangeFeedbackLoop(aspects);
+            }
+            else if (_feedbackLoop != 0)
+            {
+                return ChangeFeedbackLoop(FeedbackLoopAspects.None);
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private void UpdatePassDepthStencil()
+        {
+            if (!RenderPassActive)
+            {
+                _passWritesDepthStencil = false;
+            }
+
+            // Stencil test being enabled doesn't necessarily mean a write, but it's not critical to check.
+            _passWritesDepthStencil |= (_newState.DepthTestEnable && _newState.DepthWriteEnable) || _newState.StencilTestEnable;
+        }
+
         private bool RecreateGraphicsPipelineIfNeeded()
         {
             if (AutoFlush.ShouldFlushDraw(DrawCount))
@@ -1505,7 +1601,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 Gd.FlushAllCommands();
             }
 
-            DynamicState.ReplayIfDirty(Gd.Api, CommandBuffer);
+            DynamicState.ReplayIfDirty(Gd, CommandBuffer);
 
             if (_needsIndexBufferRebind && _indexBufferPattern == null)
             {
@@ -1539,7 +1635,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 _vertexBufferUpdater.Commit(Cbs);
             }
 
-            if (_graphicsStateDirty || Pbp != PipelineBindPoint.Graphics)
+            if (_bindingBarriersDirty)
+            {
+                // Stale barriers may have been activated by switching program. Emit any that are relevant.
+                _descriptorSetUpdater.InsertBindingBarriers(Cbs);
+
+                _bindingBarriersDirty = false;
+            }
+
+            if (UpdateFeedbackLoop() || _graphicsStateDirty || Pbp != PipelineBindPoint.Graphics)
             {
                 if (!CreatePipeline(PipelineBindPoint.Graphics))
                 {
@@ -1548,17 +1652,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                 _graphicsStateDirty = false;
                 Pbp = PipelineBindPoint.Graphics;
-
-                if (_bindingBarriersDirty)
-                {
-                    // Stale barriers may have been activated by switching program. Emit any that are relevant.
-                    _descriptorSetUpdater.InsertBindingBarriers(Cbs);
-
-                    _bindingBarriersDirty = false;
-                }
             }
 
-            Gd.Barriers.Flush(Cbs, _program, RenderPassActive, _rpHolder, EndRenderPassDelegate);
+            Gd.Barriers.Flush(Cbs, _program, _feedbackLoop != 0, RenderPassActive, _rpHolder, EndRenderPassDelegate);
 
             _descriptorSetUpdater.UpdateAndBindDescriptorSets(Cbs, PipelineBindPoint.Graphics);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineDynamicState.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
@@ -21,6 +22,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         private Array4<float> _blendConstants;
 
+        private FeedbackLoopAspects _feedbackLoopAspects;
+
         public uint ViewportsCount;
         public Array16<Viewport> Viewports;
 
@@ -32,7 +35,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             Scissor = 1 << 2,
             Stencil = 1 << 3,
             Viewport = 1 << 4,
-            All = Blend | DepthBias | Scissor | Stencil | Viewport,
+            FeedbackLoop = 1 << 5,
+            All = Blend | DepthBias | Scissor | Stencil | Viewport | FeedbackLoop,
         }
 
         private DirtyFlags _dirty;
@@ -99,13 +103,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
+        public void SetFeedbackLoop(FeedbackLoopAspects aspects)
+        {
+            _feedbackLoopAspects = aspects;
+
+            _dirty |= DirtyFlags.FeedbackLoop;
+        }
+
         public void ForceAllDirty()
         {
             _dirty = DirtyFlags.All;
         }
 
-        public void ReplayIfDirty(Vk api, CommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+        public void ReplayIfDirty(VulkanRenderer gd, CommandBuffer commandBuffer)
         {
+            Vk api = gd.Api;
+
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Blend))
             {
                 RecordBlend(api, commandBuffer);
@@ -131,6 +144,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 RecordViewport(api, commandBuffer);
             }
 
+            if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.FeedbackLoop) && gd.Capabilities.SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
+            {
+                RecordFeedbackLoop(gd.DynamicFeedbackLoopApi, commandBuffer);
+            }
+
             _dirty = DirtyFlags.None;
         }
 
@@ -169,5 +187,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 api.CmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, ViewportsCount, Viewports.AsSpan());
             }
         }
+
+        private readonly void RecordFeedbackLoop(ExtAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState api, CommandBuffer commandBuffer)
+        {
+            ImageAspectFlags aspects = (_feedbackLoopAspects & FeedbackLoopAspects.Color) != 0 ? ImageAspectFlags.ColorBit : 0;
+
+            if ((_feedbackLoopAspects & FeedbackLoopAspects.Depth) != 0)
+            {
+                aspects |= ImageAspectFlags.DepthBit | ImageAspectFlags.StencilBit;
+            }
+
+            api.CmdSetAttachmentFeedbackLoopEnable(commandBuffer, aspects);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineFull.cs

@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _activeBufferMirrors = new();
 
             CommandBuffer = (Cbs = gd.CommandBufferPool.Rent()).CommandBuffer;
+
+            IsMainPipeline = true;
         }
 
         private void CopyPendingQuery()
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             if (Pipeline != null && Pbp == PipelineBindPoint.Graphics)
             {
-                DynamicState.ReplayIfDirty(Gd.Api, CommandBuffer);
+                DynamicState.ReplayIfDirty(Gd, CommandBuffer);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineState.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
     struct PipelineState : IDisposable
     {
         private const int RequiredSubgroupSize = 32;
+        private const int MaxDynamicStatesCount = 9;
 
         public PipelineUid Internal;
 
@@ -299,6 +300,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 6);
         }
 
+        public FeedbackLoopAspects FeedbackLoopAspects
+        {
+            readonly get => (FeedbackLoopAspects)((Internal.Id8 >> 7) & 0x3);
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFE7F) | (((ulong)value) << 7);
+        }
+
         public bool HasTessellationControlShader;
         public NativeArray<PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo> Stages;
         public PipelineLayout PipelineLayout;
@@ -564,9 +571,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
 
                 bool supportsExtDynamicState = gd.Capabilities.SupportsExtendedDynamicState;
-                int dynamicStatesCount = supportsExtDynamicState ? 8 : 7;
+                bool supportsFeedbackLoopDynamicState = gd.Capabilities.SupportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
 
-                DynamicState* dynamicStates = stackalloc DynamicState[dynamicStatesCount];
+                DynamicState* dynamicStates = stackalloc DynamicState[MaxDynamicStatesCount];
+
+                int dynamicStatesCount = 7;
 
                 dynamicStates[0] = DynamicState.Viewport;
                 dynamicStates[1] = DynamicState.Scissor;
@@ -578,7 +587,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                 if (supportsExtDynamicState)
                 {
-                    dynamicStates[7] = DynamicState.VertexInputBindingStrideExt;
+                    dynamicStates[dynamicStatesCount++] = DynamicState.VertexInputBindingStrideExt;
+                }
+
+                if (supportsFeedbackLoopDynamicState)
+                {
+                    dynamicStates[dynamicStatesCount++] = DynamicState.AttachmentFeedbackLoopEnableExt;
                 }
 
                 var pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo = new PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo
@@ -588,9 +602,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     PDynamicStates = dynamicStates,
                 };
 
+                PipelineCreateFlags flags = 0;
+
+                if (gd.Capabilities.SupportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
+                {
+                    FeedbackLoopAspects aspects = FeedbackLoopAspects;
+
+                    if ((aspects & FeedbackLoopAspects.Color) != 0)
+                    {
+                        flags |= PipelineCreateFlags.CreateColorAttachmentFeedbackLoopBitExt;
+                    }
+
+                    if ((aspects & FeedbackLoopAspects.Depth) != 0)
+                    {
+                        flags |= PipelineCreateFlags.CreateDepthStencilAttachmentFeedbackLoopBitExt;
+                    }
+                }
+
                 var pipelineCreateInfo = new GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
                 {
                     SType = StructureType.GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo,
+                    Flags = flags,
                     StageCount = StagesCount,
                     PStages = Stages.Pointer,
                     PVertexInputState = &vertexInputState,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureStorage.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Numerics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using Format = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Format;
 using VkBuffer = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Buffer;
 using VkFormat = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Format;
@@ -12,6 +13,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
     class TextureStorage : IDisposable
     {
+        private struct TextureSliceInfo
+        {
+            public int BindCount;
+        }
+
         private const MemoryPropertyFlags DefaultImageMemoryFlags =
             MemoryPropertyFlags.DeviceLocalBit;
 
@@ -43,6 +49,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private readonly Image _image;
         private readonly Auto<DisposableImage> _imageAuto;
         private readonly Auto<MemoryAllocation> _allocationAuto;
+        private readonly int _depthOrLayers;
         private Auto<MemoryAllocation> _foreignAllocationAuto;
 
         private Dictionary<Format, TextureStorage> _aliasedStorages;
@@ -55,6 +62,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private int _viewsCount;
         private readonly ulong _size;
 
+        private int _bindCount;
+        private readonly TextureSliceInfo[] _slices;
+
         public VkFormat VkFormat { get; }
 
         public unsafe TextureStorage(
@@ -73,6 +83,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             var depth = (uint)(info.Target == Target.Texture3D ? info.Depth : 1);
 
             VkFormat = format;
+            _depthOrLayers = info.GetDepthOrLayers();
 
             var type = info.Target.Convert();
 
@@ -80,7 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             var sampleCountFlags = ConvertToSampleCountFlags(gd.Capabilities.SupportedSampleCounts, (uint)info.Samples);
 
-            var usage = GetImageUsage(info.Format, info.Target, gd.Capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample);
+            var usage = GetImageUsage(info.Format, info.Target, gd.Capabilities);
 
             var flags = ImageCreateFlags.CreateMutableFormatBit | ImageCreateFlags.CreateExtendedUsageBit;
 
@@ -148,6 +159,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                 InitialTransition(ImageLayout.Preinitialized, ImageLayout.General);
             }
+
+            _slices = new TextureSliceInfo[levels * _depthOrLayers];
         }
 
         public TextureStorage CreateAliasedColorForDepthStorageUnsafe(Format format)
@@ -292,7 +305,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
-        public static ImageUsageFlags GetImageUsage(Format format, Target target, bool supportsMsStorage)
+        public static ImageUsageFlags GetImageUsage(Format format, Target target, in HardwareCapabilities capabilities)
         {
             var usage = DefaultUsageFlags;
 
@@ -305,11 +318,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 usage |= ImageUsageFlags.ColorAttachmentBit;
             }
 
+            bool supportsMsStorage = capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample;
+
             if (format.IsImageCompatible() && (supportsMsStorage || !target.IsMultisample()))
             {
                 usage |= ImageUsageFlags.StorageBit;
             }
 
+            if (capabilities.SupportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop &&
+                (usage & (ImageUsageFlags.DepthStencilAttachmentBit | ImageUsageFlags.ColorAttachmentBit)) != 0)
+            {
+                usage |= ImageUsageFlags.AttachmentFeedbackLoopBitExt;
+            }
+
             return usage;
         }
 
@@ -510,6 +531,55 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
+        public void AddBinding(TextureView view)
+        {
+            // Assumes a view only has a first level.
+
+            int index = view.FirstLevel * _depthOrLayers + view.FirstLayer;
+            int layers = view.Layers;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < layers; i++)
+            {
+                ref TextureSliceInfo info = ref _slices[index++];
+
+                info.BindCount++;
+            }
+
+            _bindCount++;
+        }
+
+        public void ClearBindings()
+        {
+            if (_bindCount != 0)
+            {
+                Array.Clear(_slices, 0, _slices.Length);
+
+                _bindCount = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public bool IsBound(TextureView view)
+        {
+            if (_bindCount != 0)
+            {
+                int index = view.FirstLevel * _depthOrLayers + view.FirstLayer;
+                int layers = view.Layers;
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < layers; i++)
+                {
+                    ref TextureSliceInfo info = ref _slices[index++];
+
+                    if (info.BindCount != 0)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         public void IncrementViewsCount()
         {
             _viewsCount++;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureView.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private readonly Auto<DisposableImageView> _imageView2dArray;
         private Dictionary<Format, TextureView> _selfManagedViews;
 
+        private int _hazardUses;
+
         private readonly TextureCreateInfo _info;
 
         private HashTableSlim<RenderPassCacheKey, RenderPassHolder> _renderPasses;
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             gd.Textures.Add(this);
 
             var format = _gd.FormatCapabilities.ConvertToVkFormat(info.Format);
-            var usage = TextureStorage.GetImageUsage(info.Format, info.Target, gd.Capabilities.SupportsShaderStorageImageMultisample);
+            var usage = TextureStorage.GetImageUsage(info.Format, info.Target, gd.Capabilities);
             var levels = (uint)info.Levels;
             var layers = (uint)info.GetLayers();
 
@@ -1034,6 +1036,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
 
+        public void PrepareForUsage(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineStageFlags flags, List<TextureView> feedbackLoopHazards)
+        {
+            Storage.QueueWriteToReadBarrier(cbs, AccessFlags.ShaderReadBit, flags);
+
+            if (feedbackLoopHazards != null && Storage.IsBound(this))
+            {
+                feedbackLoopHazards.Add(this);
+                _hazardUses++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void ClearUsage(List<TextureView> feedbackLoopHazards)
+        {
+            if (_hazardUses != 0 && feedbackLoopHazards != null)
+            {
+                feedbackLoopHazards.Remove(this);
+                _hazardUses--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void DecrementHazardUses()
+        {
+            if (_hazardUses != 0)
+            {
+                _hazardUses--;
+            }
+        }
+
         public (RenderPassHolder rpHolder, Auto<DisposableFramebuffer> framebuffer) GetPassAndFramebuffer(
             VulkanRenderer gd,
             Device device,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanInitialization.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             "VK_EXT_4444_formats",
             "VK_KHR_8bit_storage",
             "VK_KHR_maintenance2",
+            "VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_layout",
+            "VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_dynamic_state",
         };
 
         private static readonly string[] _requiredExtensions = {
@@ -357,6 +359,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 features2.PNext = &supportedFeaturesDepthClipControl;
             }
 
+            PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayoutFeaturesEXT supportedFeaturesAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout = new()
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayoutFeaturesExt,
+                PNext = features2.PNext,
+            };
+
+            if (physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_layout"))
+            {
+                features2.PNext = &supportedFeaturesAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout;
+            }
+
+            PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicStateFeaturesEXT supportedFeaturesDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout = new()
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicStateFeaturesExt,
+                PNext = features2.PNext,
+            };
+
+            if (physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_dynamic_state"))
+            {
+                features2.PNext = &supportedFeaturesDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout;
+            }
+
             PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features supportedPhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features = new()
             {
                 SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features,
@@ -531,6 +555,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 pExtendedFeatures = &featuresDepthClipControl;
             }
 
+            PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayoutFeaturesEXT featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout;
+
+            if (physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_layout") &&
+                supportedFeaturesAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout.AttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout)
+            {
+                featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout = new()
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayoutFeaturesExt,
+                    PNext = pExtendedFeatures,
+                    AttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout = true,
+                };
+
+                pExtendedFeatures = &featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout;
+            }
+
+            PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicStateFeaturesEXT featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout;
+
+            if (physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_dynamic_state") &&
+                supportedFeaturesDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout.AttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState)
+            {
+                featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout = new()
+                {
+                    SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicStateFeaturesExt,
+                    PNext = pExtendedFeatures,
+                    AttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState = true,
+                };
+
+                pExtendedFeatures = &featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout;
+            }
+
             var enabledExtensions = _requiredExtensions.Union(_desirableExtensions.Intersect(physicalDevice.DeviceExtensions)).ToArray();
 
             IntPtr* ppEnabledExtensions = stackalloc IntPtr[enabledExtensions.Length];

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         internal KhrPushDescriptor PushDescriptorApi { get; private set; }
         internal ExtTransformFeedback TransformFeedbackApi { get; private set; }
         internal KhrDrawIndirectCount DrawIndirectCountApi { get; private set; }
+        internal ExtAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState DynamicFeedbackLoopApi { get; private set; }
 
         internal uint QueueFamilyIndex { get; private set; }
         internal Queue Queue { get; private set; }
@@ -149,6 +150,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 DrawIndirectCountApi = drawIndirectCountApi;
             }
 
+            if (Api.TryGetDeviceExtension(_instance.Instance, _device, out ExtAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState dynamicFeedbackLoopApi))
+            {
+                DynamicFeedbackLoopApi = dynamicFeedbackLoopApi;
+            }
+
             if (maxQueueCount >= 2)
             {
                 Api.GetDeviceQueue(_device, queueFamilyIndex, 1, out var backgroundQueue);
@@ -243,6 +249,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceDepthClipControlFeaturesExt,
             };
 
+            PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayoutFeaturesEXT featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoop = new()
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopLayoutFeaturesExt,
+            };
+
+            PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicStateFeaturesEXT featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop = new()
+            {
+                SType = StructureType.PhysicalDeviceAttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicStateFeaturesExt,
+            };
+
             PhysicalDevicePortabilitySubsetFeaturesKHR featuresPortabilitySubset = new()
             {
                 SType = StructureType.PhysicalDevicePortabilitySubsetFeaturesKhr,
@@ -279,6 +295,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 features2.PNext = &featuresDepthClipControl;
             }
 
+            bool supportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop = _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_layout");
+
+            if (supportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
+            {
+                featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoop.PNext = features2.PNext;
+                features2.PNext = &featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
+            }
+
+            bool supportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop = _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_EXT_attachment_feedback_loop_dynamic_state");
+
+            if (supportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop)
+            {
+                featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop.PNext = features2.PNext;
+                features2.PNext = &featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop;
+            }
+
             bool usePortability = _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_KHR_portability_subset");
 
             if (usePortability)
@@ -401,6 +433,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent("VK_NV_viewport_array2"),
                 _physicalDevice.IsDeviceExtensionPresent(ExtExternalMemoryHost.ExtensionName),
                 supportsDepthClipControl && featuresDepthClipControl.DepthClipControl,
+                supportsAttachmentFeedbackLoop && featuresAttachmentFeedbackLoop.AttachmentFeedbackLoopLayout,
+                supportsDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop && featuresDynamicAttachmentFeedbackLoop.AttachmentFeedbackLoopDynamicState,
                 propertiesSubgroup.SubgroupSize,
                 supportedSampleCounts,
                 portabilityFlags,

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/Program.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration;
 using Ryujinx.Common.GraphicsDriver;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Common.SystemInterop;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.MoltenVK;
 using Ryujinx.Modules;
 using Ryujinx.SDL2.Common;
@@ -41,9 +42,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx
         [LibraryImport("user32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
         public static partial int MessageBoxA(IntPtr hWnd, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string text, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string caption, uint type);
 
-        [LibraryImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
-        private static partial int setenv([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string name, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPStr)] string value, int overwrite);
-
         private const uint MbIconWarning = 0x30;
 
         static Program()
@@ -105,8 +103,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx
                     throw new NotSupportedException("Failed to initialize multi-threading support.");
                 }
 
-                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable("GDK_BACKEND", "x11");
+                OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("GDK_BACKEND", "x11");
-                setenv("GDK_BACKEND", "x11", 1);
             }
 
             if (OperatingSystem.IsMacOS())
@@ -125,19 +122,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx
                     resourcesDataDir = baseDirectory;
                 }
 
-                static void SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching(string key, string value)
-                {
-                    int res = setenv(key, value, 1);
-                    Debug.Assert(res != -1);
-                }
-
                 // On macOS, GTK3 needs XDG_DATA_DIRS to be set, otherwise it will try searching for "gschemas.compiled" in system directories.
-                SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("XDG_DATA_DIRS", Path.Combine(resourcesDataDir, "share"));
+                OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("XDG_DATA_DIRS", Path.Combine(resourcesDataDir, "share"));
 
                 // On macOS, GTK3 needs GDK_PIXBUF_MODULE_FILE to be set, otherwise it will try searching for "loaders.cache" in system directories.
-                SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("GDK_PIXBUF_MODULE_FILE", Path.Combine(resourcesDataDir, "lib", "gdk-pixbuf-2.0", "2.10.0", "loaders.cache"));
+                OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("GDK_PIXBUF_MODULE_FILE", Path.Combine(resourcesDataDir, "lib", "gdk-pixbuf-2.0", "2.10.0", "loaders.cache"));
 
-                SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("GTK_IM_MODULE_FILE", Path.Combine(resourcesDataDir, "lib", "gtk-3.0", "3.0.0", "immodules.cache"));
+                OsUtils.SetEnvironmentVariableNoCaching("GTK_IM_MODULE_FILE", Path.Combine(resourcesDataDir, "lib", "gtk-3.0", "3.0.0", "immodules.cache"));
             }
 
             string systemPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("Path", EnvironmentVariableTarget.Machine);
@@ -233,9 +224,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx
             // Logging system information.
             PrintSystemInfo();
 
-            // Enable OGL multithreading on the driver, when available.
+            // Enable OGL multithreading on the driver, and some other flags.
             BackendThreading threadingMode = ConfigurationState.Instance.Graphics.BackendThreading;
-            DriverUtilities.ToggleOGLThreading(threadingMode == BackendThreading.Off);
+            DriverUtilities.InitDriverConfig(threadingMode == BackendThreading.Off);
 
             // Initialize Gtk.
             Application.Init();

src/Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2/Program.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller.Motion;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Keyboard;
+using Ryujinx.Common.GraphicsDriver;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging.Targets;
 using Ryujinx.Common.SystemInterop;
@@ -463,6 +464,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2
             GraphicsConfig.ShadersDumpPath = option.GraphicsShadersDumpPath;
             GraphicsConfig.EnableMacroHLE = !option.DisableMacroHLE;
 
+            DriverUtilities.InitDriverConfig(option.BackendThreading == BackendThreading.Off);
+
             while (true)
             {
                 LoadApplication(option);

src/Ryujinx/Program.cs

@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Ava
             // Logging system information.
             PrintSystemInfo();
 
-            // Enable OGL multithreading on the driver, when available.
+            // Enable OGL multithreading on the driver, and some other flags.
-            DriverUtilities.ToggleOGLThreading(ConfigurationState.Instance.Graphics.BackendThreading == BackendThreading.Off);
+            DriverUtilities.InitDriverConfig(ConfigurationState.Instance.Graphics.BackendThreading == BackendThreading.Off);
 
             // Check if keys exists.
             if (!File.Exists(Path.Combine(AppDataManager.KeysDirPath, "prod.keys")))